Political unrest is a broad term that encompasses a wide spectrum of social and/or political phenomena including protests, strikes, demonstrations and violence. It is a key factor in a state of fragility and conflict, and is triggered by various factors, such as economic inequalities, corruption and political repression, that undermine people’s quality of life and faith in government institutions.
When government institutions lose legitimacy, citizens are more likely to seek alternative solutions. This often leads to widespread protests and resistance movements, such as those advocating for racial justice or climate change. Such movements usually begin peacefully, but can escalate into violent confrontations when the state seems to repress rather than reform.
Rapid socio-economic changes are disrupting traditional societies and economies, causing discontent amongst those who feel left behind. This can lead to political unrest, particularly when it is manipulated by demagogues or nationalists.
The resurgence of white supremacist groups in the United States is a case in point. In the past, political violence was primarily on the far left, driven by ideologically motivated extremist groups that pulled adherents into clandestine cells and committed attacks against property in the name of social, environmental or animal-rights causes.
The emergence of globalisation, environmental degradation and resource scarcity have also contributed to political unrest, as communities are challenged to adapt to new realities that they see as threatening their way of life. It is therefore important that governments are able to respond rapidly and effectively to these challenges before they turn into mass unrest.
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